I will scatter them, and then I will gather them: Deuteronomy 4:27; 28:64; 32:26; Isaiah 11:12;

Jeremiah 23:8 / Read about the African Slave Trade in Deuteronomy 28th Chapter.

REPARATIONS NOW IN OUR LIFETIME!

N E W S L E T T E R…….#21

AUGUST 2001

 

>>>>>>>>>SPECIAL EDITION<<<<<<<<<

 

T H E   W O R L D   C O N F E R E N C E   A G A I N S T  R A C I S M

August 31, 2001 - September 7, 2001

 

OUR NEEDS MUST BE HEARD AT

THE WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM:

REPARATIONS MUST BE PAID FOR THE RAPE OF AFRICA AND

THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE,

DECENDANTS OF THIS BLACK HOLOCAUST MUST BE COMPENSATED FOR

FORCED MIGRATION AND ETHNIC CLEANSING,

BLACKS MUST BE GIVEN AN OPPORTUNTY TO LEAVE THE LANDS OF OUR CAPTIVITY,

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION, RACIAL PROFILING, POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER MUST BE BROUGHT TO AN END,

BLACKS MUST FINALLY BE GIVEN THE RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION,

THE U.S. GOVERNMENT MUST START SPENDING THE SAME BILLIONS ON THE INNER CITIES (GHETTOES), AND RURAL SOUTH THAT IT SPLURGES ON ISRAEL,

AND

DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES MUST BE SERVED JUSTICE AND AN OPPORTUNITY TO PURSUE HAPPINESS AND EXERCISE THE SAME HUMAN RIGHTS

THAT ALL OTHER GROUPS ARE AFFORDED!

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WE ARE HUMAN BEINGS, AND WE OWE IT TO OUR CHILDREN TO ESTABLISH AND DEMAND BETTER LIVES FOR THEM AND FOR OURSELVES!

*********

GIVE POWER AND MEANING TO

THE REPARATIONS MASS MOVEMENT - GIVE OF YOURSELF!

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"Take direct action against the U.S. government!" Dr. Robert Brock

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Note from the REPNOW Newsletter Editor:

 

To those attending the World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) in behalf of Africa and the Descendants of Slaves, again, I pray that the Most High GOD will be with you as you strive to end the racism that Blacks face and acquire Reparations for the TransAtlantic Slave Trade that has resulted in our suppression and our being under the control of the Descendants of the Slave Masters since being forced from the shores of Africa.

The high volume of information in the media today concerning RACISM, The World Conference Against Racism, and Reparations for the TransAtlantic Slave Trade should be the topic of discussion at the breakfast table, in the religious circles, during lunch on the job market, on Black radio and TV talk shows, on the college campuses, as we dine in restaurants, and with our Congressional Representatives. The United States has got to address the bondage and affliction the Slaves out of Africa endured and the suppression, racism, discrimination, and prejudice so-called African Americans face today.

The information in these Reparations Newsletters is essential documentation for all seeking knowledge concerning payment for the DEBT owed from the TransAtlantic Slave Trade and is very enlightening about the degrading incidents and misery Blacks face in ghettoes and in the rest of this White Society that affords Blacks and other people of color the worst educational system in the country. College students taking courses in Black History should realize the scholarship of our people on the Internet and included in these Reparations Newsletters. I applaud my people for their research and courage in coming forward with news we can use, so that all of us in the dark can see the whole Truth of our predicament in the United States. How I wish that the information in the articles in these REPNOW Newsletters had been available when I thirsted so much to know about the Slave Trade that totally inhibited, brainwashed, and destroyed my People.

Regarding The World Conference Against Racism, if the United States doesn’t want to discuss Racism and Reparations for the atrocities of the Slave Trade in South Africa, why then isn’t it discussed and brought to an end in the US? And if such a meeting takes place, then the United States should also explain why it builds new housing settlements in Israel and contributes towards the Israeli social programs but won’t improve the infrastructure of the Black ghettoes where the working poor must live because of their economic status. If Blacks are going to choose to stay in the United States, then by all means necessary demand that the US government do justly by Descendants of Slaves.

Blacks are a hated people all over the World. If this were not true, there never would have been a Slave Trade. And contrary to popular belief, "Most White Folks are indeed racist," otherwise "Most Whites Folks" would have ended the degradation and racism Blacks and other people of color experience on a daily basis in these United States and throughout this White Society. If we do not form a UNITED FRONT to end the atrocities committed against us, then we have no one to blame but ourselves!

Be sure to inform at least ten people about the REPARATIONS NOW IN OUR LIFETIME NEWSLETTER! Information regarding the TransAtlantic Slave Trade and Reparations for this crime has got to reach all our people if we want everyone involved in this fight for justice served and for true FREEDOM and liberty to pursue happiness. Believe it or not, there are still too many Blacks out there who know NOTHING and have heard NOTHING about Reparations for Descendants of Slaves.

GET BUSY, MY PEOPLE, GET INVOLVED, AND GET THE WORD OUT THERE!

I will be on vacation for two weeks, but will still have periodic access to my E-mail.

Tziona Yisrael, Editor

REPARATIONS NOW IN OUR LIFETIME Newsletter

www.thelawkeepers.org

(Click on "Repnow")

P.S. On Thursday August 23, I had the pleasure of meeting with Dr. Saharra Bledsoe in Washington, D.C. during the Historical Nation-Wide Petition Campaign she started (that’s been taking place since this past Tuesday). I cannot tell you how encouraged and more determined I am to be involved in this our thrust for Reparations. Dr. Bledsoe is truly an inspiration and an asset to the cause. I was absolutely fascinated with her written "Program and Budget" for a holistic approach to eliminate the ghettoes and to improve the economic and social status of the impoverished in the United States. In addition to that I found Dr. Bledsoe deeply involved and committed to increasing awareness of Reparations at the grassroots level and getting 50,000 signatures for the DEBT owed to Descendants of Slaves. If we ALL followed her lead, every Black in America would soon know about Reparations and why it is so important that we acquire these monies.

WebSites involved with her fight for Reparations are as follows:

www.unity4theworld.com

www.nabvets.com

JoeWynn.Nabvets@verizon.net

Dr. Saharra Bledso

MzWayMaker@aol.com

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NGO’s VOW TO FIGHT TO THE END FOR REPARATIONS AT

THE WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM

Tuesday, August 14, 2001

PRESS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Racism Conference - Trans Atlantic Slave Trade a Crime & Reparations

PRESS CONFERENCE

Tuesday, August 14, 2001 at 11am

Sistas Place Coffee House

456 Nostrand Ave, Brooklyn, NY

Veteran human rights activist Viola Plummer stated unequivocally, "NGO's are prepared to resist the intensified under-the-table arm twisting and threats by US and Europe" in their effort to derail the demand for "Declaration of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Slavery as a Crime against Humanity" and for "Reparations for People of African Descent" in the upcoming World Conference against Racism (WCAR) in Durban, South Africa. Plummer said " We will fight to the end!"

Invited speakers were:

Dr. Conrad Worrill of the National Black United Front

Viola Plummer of the December 12th Movement International Secretariat

Roger Wareham, Esq. of the International Association against Torture, Esmeralda Simmons of the Center for Law and Social Justice Muntu Matsimela of Africa Action

Elombe Brath of the Patrice Lumumba Coalition

Iman Drammeh of the Drammeh Institute and Ron Daniels of the Center for Constitutional Rights.

For more than a decade the December 12th Movement has been an active participant in the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and was a key organization in having the UN convene this World Conference. The National Black United Front has led a drive to petition the UN for genocide committed by the US against its Black citizens and has been closely involved in the preparations for the World Conference.

DECEMBER 12TH MOVEMENT

456 Nostrand Avenue

Brooklyn, NY 11216

  1. 398-1766 (phone) 623-1855 (fax)

E-mail: D12M@aol.com

Submitted by brc-reparations@yahoogroups.com

**********

USA THREATENS WCAR BOYCOTT

August 10, 2001

The big secret is finally out in the open. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell has publicly threatened the organizers of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR) that the United States is prepared to boycott the United Nations gathering if its demands are not met. Those demands are to remove references to Zionism from the draft declaration as well as defining slavery as a crime against humanity meriting Black reparations. If not, Powell says, the United States government will not participate in the deliberations scheduled for August 31 - September 8th in Durban, South Africa.

The public announcement follows months of behind the scenes pressure by the Bush Administration to delete what they think is offensive and issues that they are not prepared to see discussed before the world body of racial justice activists. The zionist lobby has been vociferous in its demands that the U.S. draw a line in the sand on categorizing the Israeli treatment of Palestinians as racist, even though this formulation already appears in former UN documents. The pressure was so intense that representatives of governments who had previously recognized the colonial status of the Palestinian people have capitulated to this blackmail and are asking the delegates "not to rock the boat" in the name of the broader interests of the global antiracist movement. At this point, the enormous arm-twisting seems to have succeeded and the language on Zionism does not look like it will appear in the final declaration.

It has proven more difficult to isolate those Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that have been carrying the banner for Black reparations, and this has presented a knotty problem for the U.S. The conference has been divided into many working groups on specific topics and the one devoted to reparations has been one of the most active and the most successful in organizing a strategy to see that this is included in the final declaration. This was reinforced by an Africa and Africa-Descendents caucus that is united on a strategy aimed at influencing the WCAR on three main issues. These issues are the first three points of a ten-point call-to-action on which the Caucus reached a consensus in the meeting in Geneva this past week:

  1. that the transatlantic slave trade, slavery and colonialism are crimes against humanity;
  2. that the victims of the slave trade, slavery and colonialism - i.e., Africans and African descendants - are entitled to reparations; and
  3. recognition of the economic basis of racism - that is, the linkage between the exploitation of Black labor and racism

To many, these may seem like mild assertions and it may be difficult to grasp why the U.S. is so adamantly opposed to these formulations. However, this debate is not merely a demand for belated recognition of Europe and America's misbegotten racist past. At stake for the United States and its allies is a political and ideological struggle that is taking place in the context of 21st century economic globalization.

At an international level, the U.S. and its allies want to deny responsibility for the current emiseration of their former colonies in Africa, Latin America or Asia. In particular, they want to sever the link between contemporary poverty and five centuries of slave trading and colonialism. This boils down to a refusal to offer substantive debt relief, which keeps Africa and other former colonies indentured to U.S. financial institutions.

On the domestic front, the reparations theme poses an adamant rejection of the "new racism" that guides the Bush Administration. This neo-racism discards discredited biological racism in favor of attacking the demands to redress grievances as "reverse" racism. Its proponents deny the ongoing existence of racism and therefore the need for compensatory programs. What is worse, the neo-racists cloak their support for maintaining white supremacy in a bogus call for reconciliation based upon abandoning the concrete struggle for racial justice. In its place we are offered domestic assaults on affirmative action - an extremely modest compensatory program. And then we are offered the thinly disguised racialized privatization schemes of public services and schools, which constitute neoliberalism's U.S. face.

There is no such thing as institutional racism, Bush claims, and racial disparities are dismissed by blaming the victims of racial bias for their own impoverished status, for the high Black incarceration rate, for low educational achievement and Black political marginalization in U.S. society.

For African Americans the demand that the world body recognize slavery as a crime against humanity that merits compensation would call the internal logic of the neo-racist agenda into question. And this movement is growing. Over the past few years, activists have pushed reparations to the center of discourse in the African American community. And some successes have been achieved, even within the framework of traditional politics. Several city councils, for example, have passed pro-reparation resolutions, including Chicago, Detroit and Dallas. And now this battle is being taken to the international community. In this context, the political and ideological legitimacy that the demand for reparations would achieve if included in the final declaration of the World Conference Against Racism would be immeasurable.

That is why the U.S. and the European Union (EU) have been dragging their feet about appointing a high level WCAR delegation. It is also why most of the foundation community, has been stingy with their financial backing. And that is why - until the U.S. threat to boycott - the media has been complicit in keeping most U.S. people ignorant of the fact that the conference was even occurring.

The agenda battle has re-ignited remembrance of the white arrogance associated with the colonial past. David Commissiong, a Barbadian official, said of the stance taken by the EU and US, "We are talking about dealing with the current, existing legacies of that past" and "we are disappointed that the former colonial powers - and we should emphasize that some still are colonial powers - are so reluctant to acknowledge the indisputable facts of history and to come up with concrete solutions to many of the disturbances and injustices that stem from that history."

The African National Congress (ANC), the ruling party in the host country, was even more blunt. Its spokesman Smuts Ngonyama insisted that no one country should be allowed to "dictate to the world" what should be on the agenda of the WCAR. "Other countries also have a right to express what should be on the agenda," he continued, "but the democratic process has to follow. We don't want a world where a player can completely dictate to others."

Whatever the final U.S. decision, the ploy to hold the UN hostage via the boycott threat and the backroom arm-twisting is beginning to add up to a major diplomatic blunder, which has further eroded any claim the U.S. still had as a leading proponent of "democracy."

By Frances M. Beal <fbeal@aclunc.org>

Frances M. Beal is a columnist for the San Francisco Bay View newspaper and National Secretary of the Black Radical Congress. The views and opinions expressed in this article are her own.

Submitted by brc-news@lists.tao.ca

[Beal’s views are that of mine, as well. T.Y., Editor]

*********

REPARATIONS AND BEYOND

August 13, 2001

WASHINGTON - 08.11.01 --From the inception of our nation in 1776 to 1868 a thriving slave trade flourished between the United States and various African nations. An estimated 30-60 million African men, women, and children were forcibly taken from their African homelands and brought here to the United States and enslaved. These people and their families were never compensated by the US government for damages and human suffering, which was caused by this crime against humanity. That is why I am issuing a call for the issue of reparations to be studied seriously in this country. I also believe that the United States should issue an official apology for its participation in the world slave trade of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The issue of reparations for blacks has long been avoided in this country although there are countless reasons that validate the need. US jurisprudence and history have honored the tradition of paying victims for damages and suffering. US history is replete with instances of US support for the payment of reparations to individuals and communities that have been wronged by the US government. The United States government has even apologized at least once for mistreating some of its citizens of color. The only thing unusual about a discussion of reparations or payment of damages in the American context is the outcry against reparations or damages being paid to black people. The very outcry itself, given US history, is a sad indicator of how far away this country really is from the One America that we all want to see and live in.

The treatment of blacks in this country has historically been deplorable and while steps have been made to better the racial climate, nothing has been done to compensate those who have been wronged in the process. Bush does not want to talk about reparations because he opposes paying compensation to black Americans for slavery. That is what Ari Fleischer his spokesman, had the nerve to categorically state at a White House briefing. I hope that is a mischaracterization of President Bush's attitude, especially given the facts surrounding the November 2000 elections. Fortunately, the facts of the long, sorry story of the mistreatment of African Americans doesn't depend on the supposed opinions of President Bush. Sadly, however, even the Emancipation Proclamation failed to end the story. The end of the Civil War merely ushered in yet another chapter in the long book on black marginalization in the US that is still being written today.

The ignoble 1857 Dred Scott decision saw the United States Supreme Court rule that no black man could be regarded as an equal and therefore had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. Not even The Fourteenth Amendment, which was the constitutional rejoinder to the Dred Scott decision, could effectively protect Black women and men from the deep-seated racism, which produced Jim Crow and the end of the Reconstruction Era. The Supreme Court nailed apartheid into the fabric of America with its 1892 Plessy vs. Ferguson decision which legally enshrined "separate but equal" as US custom and law. Segregation would remain the law of the land until its demise three-quarters of a century later.

Plessy versus Ferguson ushered in "Jim Crow" laws and marked the end of the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era. Blacks were now legally barred from access to employment and public places such as restaurants, hotels, and other facilities. By the early 20th Century, every Southern state had passed laws that created two separate societies; one black, the other white. Blacks and whites could not ride together in the same railroad cars, sit in the same waiting rooms, use the same washrooms, or drink from the same water fountains. Blacks were denied access to parks, beaches, and picnic areas; they were barred from many hospitals. What had been maintained by custom in the rural south had become sanctioned by the United States Supreme Court as the law of the land. These laws were not overturned until the 1954 Brown versus Board of Education Supreme Court decision and the subsequent passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

The millions of blacks who lived and worked in America's completely segregated society, suffered a century of terror and lynchings at the hands of the Ku Klux Klan and the general public and the complete failure of the state to protect them.

Human Rights Watch recently issued a report stating that the US should pay reparations not only for slavery, but for segregation, too. No mention is made in the Human Rights Report of the one hundred years of lynchings subjected to Black people in America. Four little girls bombed to their deaths in 1963 are only just now beginning to have justice served; however their parents, relatives, and an entire grieving community received nothing in compensation for their suffering.

A recent and commendable Wall Street Journal article reported that in the early 20th century, tens of thousands of convicts, most of whom were black men, were snared in a largely forgotten justice system rooted in racism and nurtured by economic expedience. Alabama was perhaps the worst offender, but certainly was not the only one. Until nearly 1930, Alabama was providing convicts to businesses hungry for hands to work in farm fields, lumber camps, railroad construction gangs and, especially in later years, mines. For state and local officials, the incentive was money and for many years, convict leasing was one of Alabama's largest sources of funding. Nearly two decades after slavery was abolished in America, men were dying as slaves in a prison work scheme that benefited southern states and businesses. Alabama's forced labor system generated nearly $17 million for the state government alone, or between $225 million and $285 million in today's dollars. Of course, this does not include the profits accruing to the many southern companies that benefited from this mostly-black slave labor.

Unfortunately slavery, Jim Crow segregation, and prison slave labor were not enough for the purveyors of state-sanctioned racial discrimination of the American sort. The Federal Government of the United States used all its available resources to thwart the call of African Americans for the US to respect their basic human rights. Thus, the COINTELPRO program was born. COINTELPRO was the FBI's secret program to undermine the struggle for freedom from racism and discrimination that was led by African American, and later Native American, Latino, and progressive white organizations. Though the name stands for "Counterintelligence Program," the targets were not enemy spies. In an infamous FBI memo, the stated purpose of COINTELPRO was to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of black nationalist " organizations as well as "their leadership, spokesmen, membership, and supporters."

The FBI took the law into its own hands and secretly used fraud, force, harassment, intimidation, psychological-warfare, other forms of deception, and even murder, to sabotage constitutionally protected political activity. This reign of terror left countless black, white, Native American, and Latino victims behind bars who were convicted of bogus crimes and to this day are serving exceptionally long sentences that arose from their politically motivated actions. Many of these men and women who have committed their lives to movements that sought justice in an era marked by war, racial violence, and political assassinations, are aging behind prison walls, serving longer sentences than they would have in any other industrialized nation.

Additionally, there have been many victims of COINTELPRO. Our country's democracy is the biggest victim. That our laws could be subverted by a small group of people in high office is a clear danger to all of us. However, that it was done specifically to this country's people of color to deny them and the United States the benefit of the authentic leadership of true representatives of America's communities, especially America's black community, deprives us all of talents that are even now desperately needed but wasted in graveyards, prisons, or in fractured individuals, families and communities. This illegal US government activity affected more than the individuals involved, but also their families and our entire community.

Today the vestiges of racial discrimination, which began during the days of black race hatred and slavery, are still visible.

Black women and men are haunted by the reality that "Driving While Black" in many states makes you a prime target for police harassment. In the state of New Jersey, at least eight of every ten automobile searches carried out by state troopers on the New Jersey Turnpike over most of the last decade were conducted on vehicles driven by blacks and Hispanics--eighty percent of the stops, yet only 30% of the population. This is racial profiling at its worst. But New Jersey is not the only Driving While Black culprit.

The Justice Department admits that blacks are more likely than whites to be pulled over by police, imprisoned, and put to death. And, though blacks and whites have about the same rate of drug use, blacks are more likely to be arrested than whites and are more likely to receive longer prison sentences than whites.

Twenty-six black men were executed last year, some probably innocent; 2001 was begun by executing a retarded black woman.

Government studies on health disparities confirm that blacks are less likely to receive surgery, transplants, and prescription drugs than whites. Physicians are less likely to prescribe appropriate treatment for blacks than for whites and black scientists, physicians, and institutions are shut out of the funding stream to prevent this. As a result, Black American males and females experience shorter life expectancy rates than do their white counterparts. A black baby boy born in Harlem today has less chance of reaching age 65 than a baby born in Bangladesh.

In the US education system, 40% of all public schools are racially exclusive, meaning that fewer than 10% of their students are children of color while 40% of public schools in large cities are "intensely segregated," meaning that more then 90% of the students are children of color.

1998 statistics reveal that 26% of Blacks and 25% of Latinos live below the poverty level while only ten percent of whites live below the poverty level.

The entire world watched the debacle of the Year 2000 Presidential election in which countless black women and men were denied their constitutional right to vote, suffering the same disfranchisement that their grandmothers and grandfathers struggled to overcome half a century earlier. So bad was the spectacle that autocrats and dictators offered election monitors to the United States. Even former President Jimmy Carter, noted for his election monitoring around the world, stated that the US system was so bad that the US wouldn't even qualify for Carter Center monitors. Sadly, 2007 marks the expiration of important sections of the Voting Rights Act.

It is evident that the United States has not adequately addressed its problem of race. Additionally, it has failed to even account for all its transgressions against its black citizens. Passing laws has not been enough to stem the tide of the deep-seated racism rooted in the fabric of America. Even then, each time laws have been passed erosion of enforcement and the laws themselves has been a consistent problem. The Reconstruction Era, after the United States Civil War, was as short-lived as was the Second Reconstruction, which was inaugurated after the Brown versus Board of Education decision. However, the 1978 Bakke Supreme Court decision began the erosion of the real efforts to integrate the American mainstream. Shaw versus Reno and Johnson versus Miller are important voting Rights Act Supreme Court decisions which end the expansion of protections for blacks and other people of color for the right to representation. The expiration of critical sections of the Voting Rights Act could very well usher in a return of state-sanctioned black disfranchisement on a scale worse than what was discovered in the 2000 November Presidential election.

As you can see, the US is far from having adequately addressed its race problem. In addition, I believe the United States is in long-standing violation of international treaties that it has signed and ratified. Participation in the World Conference Against Racism is but one step needed to reverse the deep-seated appalling conditions and present-day treatment for people of color in this country. The United States could and should also apologize for its participation in the slave trade and the long history of racism against black people that that participation fostered and supported.

By Cynthia McKinney

Representative, Georgia, 4th District

http://www.tbwt.com/content/article.asp?articleid=1279

The Black World Today

Submitted by alarkam@webtv.net

[I applaud Representative McKinney’s courage to speak the absolute TRUTH, and I pray that every Black Congressional Member, organization, and individual stand behind her as she selflessly work in behalf of all Descendants of Slaves.]

*********

LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE PRESSES U.S. TO ATTEND

THE WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM

August 20, 2001

Wading into an already contentious debate over the upcoming United Nations World Conference Against Racism, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) held a press conference on Thursday where it urged the United States to lend greater support to the goals of the conference.

Wade Henderson, Executive Director of the LCCR, said that despite disagreements over the conference agenda, which include a U.S. demand that the topic of reparations for slavery be banned from discussion, U.S. participation was crucial in demonstrating American commitment to combating racism around the world. The LCCR distributed a letter it sent to Secretary of State Colin Powell urging him to lead a high-level U.S. delegation to the conference.

Negotiations over the conference agenda have been stalled in recent weeks over several thorny issues, most notably an insistence by Arab countries that Israel be criticized as an "occupying power" that deprives Palestinians of basic rights. The United States has threatened to boycott the conference unless the language singling out Israel for criticism is dropped from the agenda.

Tackling the Israel controversy directly, Mr. Henderson said that instead of singling out Israel for criticism in preparatory documents, the general issue of racism in the Middle East should be addressed fairly during the conference itself.

One of the major roadblocks to U.S. participation was apparently removed last week when U.N. conference organizers announced that the contentious question of whether Zionism equaled racism would not be on the agenda, presumably ameliorating some U.S. opposition to the conference. The Bush Administration is expected to announce its decision on whether to attend the conference early this week.

During Thursday’s press conference, Mr. Henderson pointed out that because the upcoming racism conference was the first to focus on the behavior of individual nations, many of the countries involved are working behind the scenes to prevent discussion of racial discrimination within their borders. These include India, which wants to avoid discussion of its Dalit, or untouchables; Eastern European countries, which are not keen on examining the plight of Gypsies in the region; and the Sudan, which is against discussing its present-day slave trade. "No state is anxious to have its laundry aired," he said.

Other speakers highlighted issues that have received less attention. Marisa Demeo, Regional Counsel of the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund, said that a key issue for the conference to address was the xenophobia faced by Mexican immigrants and migrant workers in the U.S. These groups are often denied access to U.S. healthcare and other social services, according to Ms. Demos, and they suffer from a harsh immigration policy that prevents families from re-uniting across the border. In addition, immigrants who are HIV-positive are barred from entering the country.

Keith Harper, senior staff attorney at the Native American Rights Fund, stressed the importance of examining how racism affects indigenous peoples. As an example, he noted that Native Americans do not enjoy the same protection of land rights as all other Americans. Instead, they have only "use and property rights," overseen by the federal government. This legal disparity confronts indigenous peoples throughout the world, he added, including Brazil, Canada, and Australia.

Sumita Bhandari, staff attorney of the National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium, urged the conference to address violence against Asian-Americans within the United States, which she said has been vastly underreported. According to Ms. Bhandari, there were 496 incidents of racially motivated violence against Asian-Americans in the U.S. last year.

On the issue of reparations for slavery, which has been nearly as controversial as the Israeli question, several speakers expressed dismay at the American insistence that reparations be left off the agenda. Mr. Henderson said it was unfair for the U.S. to make its participation conditional on avoiding the reparations issue. "Diplomatic extortion is outrageous. The World Conference Against Racism should not be held hostage to the U.S. getting its way," he said.

Others took aim directly at what they consider American hypocrisy on reparations. Dr. William Spriggs, an economist at the National Urban League, said it was disingenuous for the U.S. to justify its refusal to address reparations by maintaining that the conference needs to "move forward." He noted that the slave trade involved the forced transfer of 100 million people, the murder of 24 million of them, and the death of countless other millions due to forced labor.

"How can we ‘move forward’ if we can’t look back?" he asked.

During the question and answer period, Barbara Arwine, Executive Director of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and Ted Shaw, Associate Director-Counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., handled the sticky point of President Wade of Senegal's charge that demanding "reparations was absurd." Both agreed he was only one man, and thus his impact on the issue would be of no great consequence.

Charles Tanzer

TBWT UN Correspondent

Submitted by alarkam@webtv.net

*********

UNITED STATES ACCUSED OF DUCKING SLAVERY ISSUE

August 10, 2001

GENEVA (AP) - U.S. government threats to boycott the upcoming World Conference Against Racism over anti-Israeli language in proposed documents are helping it duck the issue of reparations for slavery, African-American campaigners said Friday.

``For the United States to continue beating the issue of the Middle East is a diversion,'' said Adjoa A. Aiyetoro, a law professor at American University who serves as legal consultant to the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America. ``They would rather play tough guy and bully and stay away as opposed to attempting to resolve the issues of racism in this world.''

The U.S. government has said that if language it regards as offensive about Israel remains in proposed documents to be adopted at the conference, it will boycott the meeting, which starts Aug. 31 in Durban, South Africa.

U.S. officials, siding with the European Union and Canada, have also rejected African demands that Durban back the payment of compensation by the countries that benefited from slavery and colonialism.

U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson said Friday that more progress had been made on the African issues than on the Middle East during the past two weeks of negotiations. There has been ``a significant narrowing of the differences'' over slavery and colonialism, Robinson said.

``The question of how to address the past was one of the most sensitive issues, and there is a genuine feeling that this is going to be one of the real breakthroughs in Durban, the kind of language that is now being brought together,'' she said.

Aiyetoro said the United States, Canada and the European Union were ``continuing in their historic roles as the upholders of white supremacy.''

``These governments are consistent in blocking any language that would characterize the tragedies of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, slavery and colonialism as crimes against humanity,'' she said.

``They have also summarily blocked any language that would provide for dialogue about compensatory measures, including reparations, which would repair the damage done to Africa, Africans, and African descendants.''

Aiyetoro said campaigners were ``not seeking payment because our ancestors were enslaved, but because of the situation today.''

``There should be no statute of limitations'' for crimes against humanity, she said. ``You can't deal with the future until you have dealt with the past.''

Reparations did not necessarily have to come as money, she said. Countries that benefited from slavery could cancel African nations' foreign debt, fund education and community development programs, return museum artifacts to Africa, and work harder to stop racial discrimination, she said.

***

[Personally, I want justice served for the cruel and merciless pain and suffering my forebears endured, as well as for the Human Rights crimes Blacks face today. I want to move on and out of this racist country where my forebears were enslaved with Reparations to start a new life and live where I can worship freely and pursue assured happiness. In essence, I want Reparations for Descendants of Slaves so that our forebears can rest in peace.]

**********

THE UNITED STATES IS URGED TO SEND DELEGATE

TO THE UNITED NATION RACISM CONFERENCE

August 17, 2001

UNITED NATIONS - US civil rights leaders yesterday called for Secretary of State Colin L. Powell to attend this month's United Nations conference on racism, which Washington is threatening to boycott.

''If the United States does not send an official delegation, we believe it will be a mistake,'' said Wade Henderson, executive director of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of 180 civil and human rights groups.

''We think the absence of the US will certainly signal in some way that our country takes less seriously the debate over racial discrimination and racism than other countries in the world,'' he said at a news conference.

Henderson was joined at United Nations headquarters by leaders of six other US civil rights groups - including the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and the National Urban League - two weeks before the kick-off of the conference on racism in Durban, South Africa.

The United States has threatened to skip the UN conference unless Arab states drop demands that the conference texts single out Israel as a ''racist'' occupying power.

US officials have also objected to including on the agenda the issue of reparations for victims of centuries of slavery and colonialism.

Negotiations in Geneva over language in the final conference texts ended in failure last week. Disagreements on the agenda kept the United States from attending two previous United Nations conferences on racism.

The leaders told reporters they were concerned about language relating to Israel in the draft text for the conference. However, they were sharply critical of the Bush administration's stance on slave reparations.

''It is especially hypocritical and undemocratic for the United States to take a position that the issue of slavery should not be considered a crime against humanity or that somehow an apology for past practices engaged in slavery should not be open for discussion,'' Henderson said.

In South Africa, meanwhile, about 2000 workers waved anti-American and anti-Israeli signs outside the US Embassy in Pretoria yesterday to protest the US threat to boycott the conference.

At the demonstration arranged by local unions and the South African communist party, protesters waved signs that read, ''Stop Apartheid Israel'' and ''United States: Stop Supporting Racism.''

Jan Tsiane, leader of a local political group, said those protesting yesterday identified with the Palestinian people and the current uprising against Israel.

We ''would have opted for the same option of becoming suicide bombers,'' Tsiane told the marchers, referring to the Palestinian militants who have blown themselves up in attacks on Israelis.

By Paul Thomasch,

Reuters, 8/17/2001

http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/229/nation/US_urged_to_send_delegate_to_UN_racism_conference+.shtml

Submitted by AlArkam@webtv.net (Malik Al-Arkam)

[RACISM is RACISM by any other name, and human beings who are the victims of this heinous crime know better than the guilty of this pain and suffering and the harm it can do to men, women, and children.]

*********

SOUTH AFRICANS IN RACE PROTEST OUTSIDE U.S. EMBASSY

August 16, 2001

PRETORIA (Reuters) - South African protesters demonstrated outside the U.S. embassy in Pretoria on Thursday to denounce Washington's refusal to brand Israel a racist state at an upcoming United Nations conference on racism.

The U.N. meeting, starting in Durban on August 31, may face a U.S. boycott over attempts by Arab states to have an anti-Israeli resolution adopted at the conference.

Some 3,000 protesters allied to South Africa's communist party and main trade union body handed over a petition to the embassy urging Washington to face up to "Zionist racism."

"We can see what side of the racism debate they are on...that country (United States) is still full of racism," Blade Nzimande, general secretary of the South African Communist Party, told protesters.

Speaker after speaker drew parallels between white-ruled South Africa under apartheid and Israel and its policies toward Palestinians.

Protesters carried pro-Palestine posters and others denouncing the U.S. and Israel.

"Viva Arafat, Viva PLO," one poster read in reference to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and his Palestine Liberation Organization.

Other posters read: "Stop apartheid Israel" and "U.S.A. blackmail will not work."

Protesters blasted U.S. complicity in Israel's "apartheid, occupation, state terrorism, violent subjugation and an unfair economic blockade" against Palestinians.

Scores of police kept watch over the demonstration outside the embassy.

The protesters also slammed Washington's objections to reparations for victims of slavery and colonialism.

"Zionist racism and reparations for victims of slavery and colonialism must be on the agenda at the world conference," the petition said.

The U.S. and some European countries have resisted moves, led mainly by African states, to get delegates at the conference to press for reparations for centuries of slavery.

"When the issue of reparations for the victims of Nazism was being debated, the U.S. was enthusiastically in support...There is a clear case of double-standards being applied," the petition said.

The U.S. has yet to decide what level of delegation -- if any -- it will send to the conference which the U.N. wants to be a watershed in the fight against global racism and xenophobia.

Submitted by Black Radical Congress

[Once having lived in an APARTHEID Regime, the Black South Africans have not forgotten that the White powers-that-be in South Africa bought their weapons from racist Israelis, AND that too many of these racist White Jews enjoyed the privileges only Whites could in South Africa. Strange how RACISM just won’t let one forget the suppression and suffering it entails no matter where on this globe it exists.]

**********

The Reparations Movement’s goals are as follows:

- Obtain Reparations from all countries that prospered from Black Slave Labor

Schedule Conferences, Marches, and Protests until the White Society apologizes and

compensates Descendants of the Slave Trade

- Speak at the United Nations on Reparations for Survivors of the Slave Trade in order

to gain International Support from all or most countries

- Demonstrate in front of the UN in Geneva for World Attention

- Establish an International Fund for Descendants of Slaves

- Target Companies that existed during the days of Slavery for Reparations, and if they

do not comply, then list them as "Unworthy" for Black patronage

- Seek support for Reparations from Companies that prosper off of Black Clients

- Seek Celebrity support for Reparations

- Involve the Media

- Make "Reparations" the buzz word for the turn of the century

- Etc., etc., and by "any means necessary" within the Law

*********

IN SUPPORT OF REPARATIONS!

WAKE UP!

STAND UP!

STEP UP!

and DO SOMETHING IN SUPPORT OF REPARATIONS! OR

THERE CAN BE NO REAL - PEACE!

Ahna Tafari

*********

U.N. RACISM TALKS END WITHOUT AGREEMENT

NY Times Article

August 10, 2001

GENEVA (Reuters) - Talks failed Friday to settle angry disputes over how the U.N. Conference on Racism will deal with Israeli policies toward Palestinians and compensation for African slavery.

But U.N. human rights chief Mary Robinson put on a brave face, voicing optimism that consensus could be reached on final texts on both controversial issues at the conference which opens in Durban, South Africa, in three weeks.

``A lot remains to be done. But I can say a framework has emerged from this preparatory conference which will carry our work forward to Durban,'' Robinson told a closing session of two-week negotiations in Geneva.

Working groups are to pursue informal talks, but any compromise is expected to be hammered out in capitals, with Washington playing a key role, according to diplomats.

The United States has said it will not attend the Durban conference from Aug. 31-Sept. 7 unless Arab states drop demands that the conference texts single out Israel as a ``racist'' occupying power allegedly depriving Palestinians of basic rights.

The U.S. delegation took the floor to say it was pleased that ``some progress'' had been made, but accused some delegations of adopting ``extremist positions.''

``The agenda in Durban should not be to single out and brand a certain country as racist. Have we no shame?'' U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Michael Southwick said in a speech.

``We think the majority of countries are extremely uncomfortable with such a course of action,'' he added.

ISRAEL TO ``RECONSIDER'' ATTENDING

Yaakov Levy, Israeli ambassador to the U.N. in Geneva, expressed disappointment and as expected said his delegation would ``reconsider its participation'' at Durban in coming days.

``I wish to reiterate, the Middle East conflict is political, not racial,'' he said in a speech.

``Regrettably we found ourselves with the same shameful language in both documents,'' Levy said, referring to draft texts for the conference proposed by Arab and Islamic countries.

``If adopted in Durban, such language could affect the success of the Conference as well as the fight against racism and racial discrimination,'' Levy said.

Malaysia's delegate, speaking on behalf of Arab and Muslim member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, or OIC, appeared to strike a conciliatory note.

``The OIC wishes to express its willingness to engage in consultations to reach compromise to pave the way for a successful conference in Durban,'' he said.

Syria's delegation declared: ``The oppression suffered by the Palestinian people on racial grounds should be at the center of the work of the conference.''

Nabil Ramlawi, the Palestinian representative, said: ``We ask that racist practices by the Israeli occupation against the Palestinian people be discussed at Durban. ... We cannot set aside racism and racial discrimination and new forms of apartheid.''

Egyptian Ambassador Fayza Aboulnaga said Arab delegations had adopted a ``very reasonable, moderate and constructive'' position which had tried to take account of Israeli concerns.

``It is simply not logical for the conference to take place and ignore a boiling region and a situation of massive violations of human rights,'' she told Reuters.

On the question of potential compensation for slavery and colonization, a central issue was whether the final Durban text should include an apology for slavery in the past, according to Robinson, a former president of Ireland and trained lawyer.

This has raised questions about whether an apology forms a legal basis to seek monetary compensation in courts, she said.

Sources said any deal was unlikely to contain a formal apology, but instead would back aid to African countries.

REUTERS

http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-un raci.html?ex=998484763&ei=1&en=6affd40cbce441ff

***

The U.S.A. and Israel are fiercely determined to sabotage the upcoming WCAR. The U.S. government has no plans whatsoever to apologize, or make restitution to African-Americans who have been the victims of its policies of ethnocide, forced assimilation and institutionalized racism. Similarly the Israeli government has no plans to stop abusing and exploiting the Palestinians whose land it unjustly occupies.

As-Salaam-Alaikum

Submitted by AlArkam@webtv.net

[Note: "Extremist Positions" is equated with "Telling the Truth." If the U.S. and its allies do not go to WCAR in August to end RACISM and the issue of Reparations for the TransAtlantic Slave Trade and the economic legacy Whites incurred from this trade in Blacks out of Africa, then the WORLD should realize the consequences and unfairness Third World Countries will face involving so-called ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION.]

*********

THOUSANDS TO PROTEST AT RACISM CONFERENCE

Green Left Weekly

August 8, 2001

JOHANNESBURG -- An alliance that includes South Africa's emerging grassroots activist movements was formed on July 29 to organise mass protests at the United Nations World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR).

The eight-day WCAR will be held in Durban's plush International Conference Centre, next to the Hilton Hotel, beginning on August 31. A spokesperson for the alliance said 15,000 people may join the main protest set for September 1.

The Durban Social Forum (DSF), as the alliance has called itself, includes the Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee, which is fighting electricity cut-offs, the Concerned Citizens Forum (which has militantly fought evictions and water cut-offs in Durban), the Landless People's Movement, Jubilee 2000 (which demands the cancellation of Third World debt), the Anti-Privatisation Forum, the Treatment Action Campaign (which is campaigning for the government provision of anti-AIDS drugs), the Alternative Information and Development Centre (which campaigns for cancellation of the apartheid debt), and the National Consultative Forum on Palestine.

In a media statement, the DSF said that the WCAR protests would be "a focal point for all extra-parliamentary, people-driven and mass-based organisations that wish to express concerns both of a local and global nature". It went on to say: "It is our belief that the particular form that globalisation is taking (neo-liberalism) and the present economic policies of the South African government can only lead to greater divides between countries in the North and South. Within South Africa these policies can only lead to the deepening of poverty and social misery."

The African National Congress government has failed to deliver on its promises to address South Africa's apartheid legacy of an appalling housing shortage and widespread land hunger. In cities around the country, most of which are run by ANC administrations, people who cannot afford to pay rent, and water and electricity accounts, are being evicted and their basic services disconnected.

Critics point out that the ANC's neo-liberal economic policy is widening the gap between rich and poor and worsening rather than alleviating the problems created by the racist apartheid system.

Landless People's Movement spokesperson Andile Mngxitama said major issues concerning the landless would be discussed during the Landless People's Assembly on August 30.

Mngxitama said landlessness in South Africa was caused by racism and is continuing today.

The US government on July 26, announced it would boycott the WCAR if the conference includes the questions of Zionism and reparations for slavery and colonialism on its agenda.

A two-week meeting in June in Geneva that was to draw up an agenda and declaration for the conference ended in deadlock over whether Western countries that prospered from slavery and colonisation should apologise for the suffering caused -- and pay compensation. African governments demanded both, but Western governments, led by the US, Britain and Canada, resisted.

The proposed declaration prepared by African governments described the slave trade as "a unique tragedy in the history of humanity, a crime against humanity which is unparalleled" and said slavery, colonialism and apartheid "have resulted in substantial and lasting economic, political and cultural damage to African peoples". It demanded an "explicit apology" and the establishment of an international compensation program.

A meeting of southern African and European Jubilee and other anti-debt movements, held in Johannesburg June 29 and 30, condemned Western government moves to remove reparations from the WCAR agenda.

"A conference on racism that doesn't discuss slavery, colonialism and apartheid, and the need to repair the damage done, will at the outset fail to be able to deal with the issue of racism", the activists from 10 countries stated.

"Reparations are an acknowledgment of wrongdoing and send a message that human rights violations should not be repeated.

"In this light, the delegates opposed the attempt to remove the issue of ongoing discrimination against Palestine from the agenda... Victims of human rights violations have the right to seek justice, and resolved to develop plans for alternative forms of popular action for reparations during the UN conference."

If the US and other Western governments succeed in dictating the terms of the WCAR agenda, it is likely that the September 1, protest will be even larger than organisers expect, swelled by non-government organisations that otherwise would have restricted their opposition to racism to pious statements within the WCAR.

In a joint statement on August 2, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, the South African Communist Party and the South African National Civics Organisation condemned the threatened US boycott: "Too often, the United States resorts to blockades and military acts to blackmail and bully wherever it does not find its way. Now that this bully would not be able to use veto power in the conference, it is resorting to threats of boycott and blackmail. As predicted, Colin Powell and Koffi Annan, who themselves rank among the victims of racism, are trying to outdo each other in the service of their masters."

COSATU, the SACP and SANCO urged their structures in every South African province to join the march in Durban on September 1.

By Norm Dixon

http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2001/459/459p18.htm

Submitted by brc-news@lists.tao.ca

["The Truth shall set you free!" T.Y., Editor]

*********

BOYCOTT LOOMS FOR RACISM CONFERENCE

Friday, 10 August, 2001

Delegates have been working to narrow differences

Agenda-setting talks for the forthcoming World Conference against Racism have failed to produce agreement, prompting fears that Israel and the United States may boycott the meeting.

Israel said that repeated calls from Arab states to equate Zionism with racism were totally unacceptable and maintained that the Israeli Palestinian conflict should be completely removed from the agenda.

The talks were also unable to agree the exact wording on the issue of African demands for slavery compensation.

Earlier, UN Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson said progress had been made on language, adding that she was hopeful enough had been done to prevent the US boycott.

But BBC correspondent Emma Jane Kirby says Israel's decision will clearly have much influence over the US.

With less than three weeks to go before the negotiations are due begin in the South African city of Durban, she says, it is now questionable whether the conference will ever really get off the ground.

Political conflict

Asking to speak early because of the approach of the Jewish Sabbath, the Israeli ambassador to the UN, Yaakov Levy, accused the conference of singling out Israel and speaking of it with "shameful language". As the Friday midnight deadline for agreeing the agenda approached, Ambassador Levy said the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was essentially a political one and therefore had no place on the racism agenda. He said subsequently Israel would be considering is attendance at the conference in the days to come.

The US delegation said it was pleased there had been "some progress" but accused some delegations of extremism.

"The agenda in Durban should not be to single out and brand a certain country as racist. Have we no shame?" Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Michael Southwick said.

Ms Robinson said that agreement had been reached on the main paragraphs and there had been "considerable progress" with regard to language.

"There is a genuine feeling that this is going to be one of the real breakthroughs in Durban," she told journalists gathered for the Geneva meeting.

'Lynching of Israel'

The recent upsurge in violence in the Middle East had led to proposals to revive the 1975 United Nations General Assembly resolution that equated Zionism with racism.

The resolution was repealed in 1991, having been vehemently opposed by Israel and the United States.

At the beginning of the negotiations, Ms Robinson warned that if Zionism was once again put onto the agenda as a racist issue, the conference would fail.

US congressman Tom Lantos, a Holocaust survivor, said on Thursday that attending the conference would make the US "party to the lynching of Israel".

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1485000/1485243.stm

Submitted by brc-reparations@yahoogroups.com

[When the White Jews spoke about "Never Again," they were not speaking about Survivors of the Black Holocaust and the impoverished Palestinians. They were talking about themselves and to hell with everybody else. Clearly, after all the US tax dollars do for White Jews, one would think that they would have more compassion for all people who suffer. Perish the thought! I await the day that there will be another USS Liberty disaster. Then we’ll see how protective the United States is of this country, or should that be how protective Israel is of the United States. T.Y., Editor]

*********

SLAVERY ROW DOGS RACISM CONFERENCE

August 11, 2001

 

Mary Robinson said progress had been made

Preparations for the forthcoming UN World Conference on Racism are being dogged not only by how the talks should deal with the Middle East problem, but by the stance it should adopt on reparations for the slave trade and colonialism.

Some American NGOs who have been attending the talks in Geneva over the past two weeks are accusing the United States of using the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a means of ducking the other major sticking point of negotiations.

The US was "beating the issue of the Middle East as a diversion", said Adjoa Aiyetoro, the spokesperson for the African and African Descendants Caucus and the US legal consultant for the US National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations.

Ms. Ayietoro said that her understanding of the outcome of the talks was that the US still had serious problems with the idea of apologising for slavery and colonialism, and in agreeing on the wording of the summit agenda document.

This was despite assurances from the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, that there had been much progress in addressing the issues of the past.

"We think their (the US) position is wrong," Ms Ayietoro said.

"It's another aspect of the United States not wanting to take responsibility for its conduct in enslaving our ancestors and engaging in the tragic transatlantic slave trade.

"Its a way of avoiding a full democratic discussion of the issues... and it violates the very diplomatic principles they say this country was founded on."

US boycott?

The United States objects to the calls from African nations to term the slave trade "a crime against humanity".

US legal advisers listen to the arguments

It also shares the fears of Canada and the European Union that an apology with a compensation package could open the way to a flood of individual lawsuits.

As preparatory talks ended in Geneva, Mary Robinson did, however, admit that no conclusive text had been drawn up.

She said negotiations would have to continue in Durban to agree a firm agenda for discussion. So now the US has a big political decision to make.

Does it boycott the conference from the outset, or should it risk attending Durban?

If it does so, and there is no further satisfactory progress made on the issues of zionism and reparations for colonialism, it may be forced to leave once discussions have begun, and in the full glare of world media attention.

By Emma-Jane Kirby in Geneva

Submitted by brc-reparations@yahoogroups.com

[If the United States, its allies, and Israel do not attend WCAR, then these two countries will be recording in the annals of history just how RACIST and MANIPULATIVE they really are. T.Y., Editor]

*********

 

NEGOTIATIORS GIVE UP BID FOR ACCORD BEFORE RACISM MEETING

 

August 11, 2001

U.N. Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson is urging countries not to reopen the issue of Zionism at the racism conference.

Zionism issue clouds talks as U.S., Israel threaten boycotts

GENEVA, — Negotiators from more than 100 countries have narrowed some differences over racism, but they failed to reach agreement on a document to guide discussions at an upcoming world conference on the issue.

‘What we are all now focusing on is how to ensure that the United States ... will be at Durban.’ MARY ROBINSON, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights

AS TWO WEEKS of preparatory talks ended Friday, the United Nations’ top human rights official said she hoped the United States would find enough progress had been made to drop its threat to stay away from the meeting, starting Aug. 31 in Durban, South Africa.

"What we are all now focusing on is how to ensure that the United States ... will be at Durban," said Mary Robinson, U.N. high commissioner for human rights. Robinson has said that the conference could produce a "magna carta" for victims of discrimination, and everything from anti-immigrant sentiment in Europe to the plight of the world’s indigenous peoples has been on the table during months of discussion. But several thorny issues have blocked agreement on a guiding document. Specifically, references to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and African demands for reparations for slavery proved too much for negotiators to resolve. But Robinson said she thought a compromise could be reached when work resumes at the World Conference Against Racism in Durban.

Robinson said "there has been considerable progress" on demands by several African states for compensation for slavery and colonialism. "There is a genuine feeling that this is going to be one of the real breakthroughs in Durban, the kind of language that is now being brought together," she said.


The United States has opposed slavery compensation, and it wants language it regards as offensive toward Israel removed from draft statements.

A final decision on whether the United States will attend is expected only after the U.S. delegation returns to Washington and reports on the negotiations, officials said. Israeli Ambassador Yaakov Levy said late Friday that the "shameful language" on the Middle East in the proposed document was forcing Israel to reconsider whether it will go to Durban. One passage supported by Arabs lists both "the Jewish holocaust in Europe" and "the ethnic cleansing of the Arab population in historic Palestine and the Golan" as atrocities that should never be forgotten. It ignores Israel’s demand that the Holocaust, with a capital "H," was a unique, Jewish event and should stand alone in the document. However, the Islamic group did remove condemnation of Zionism, the movement that led to the founding of the modern state of Israel.

Ambassador Rajmah Hussain of Malaysia said the 57-country Organization of the Islamic Conference had shown "a spirit of flexibility and compromise" in trying to describe "the plight of the Palestinian people" under the "racist practices of the occupying power." Hussain said negotiations were halted because the United States and Israel refused to continue. "We are saddened by this development as we believe that the first step to finding consensus is to engage in dialogue," she said.

Michael Southwick, U.S. deputy assistant secretary of state, said his delegation had "entered earnestly" into the negotiations, but couldn’t accept the branding of Israel as racist. Robinson said efforts will continue to see whether it is possible to find "appropriate text" on the suffering of the Palestinian people. "A lot remains to be done, but a framework has emerged," Robinson said.

http://www.msnbc.com/modules/exports/ct_email.asp?/news/611072.asp

*********

SLAVERY’S LEGACY, AMERICA’S DEBT

August 9, 2001

Why won’t U.S. join the discussion about reparations?

The Bush Administration recently indicated that the United States will boycott the United Nations Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in Durban, South Africa later this month unless the agenda is changed to conform to what the United States deems acceptable. This is simply the latest move of a government committed to isolationism and apparently determined to make the United States a pariah nation.

THE ADMINISTRATION’S stand that the price of U.S. participation is the removal of any discussion of reparations for slavery or Zionism as racism is high-handed, just plain stupid and serves to further alienate an administration already viewed as suspect. From the debacle of the 2000 election to the bogus tax cut to a roster of mediocre appointees and the refusal last month to sign the Kyoto Protocols on global warming endorsed by 178 nations, this administration appears self-referential, bull-headed and deeply out of touch. The Bush administration seems willfully blind to the issue of reparations for slavery, a conversation that has been going on among black Americans, largely ignored, for decades.

And in spite of efforts to portray Secretary of State Colin Powell as a serious player and not simply a poster boy for Republican ideas of racial inclusiveness, black America’s man in the Bush administration looks like he’s out of the loop and powerless on this one.
The administration seems willfully blind to the fact that the issue of reparations for slavery, a conversation that has been going on, largely ignored, for decades, has in the last few years become the major unifying issue in the African American community, transcending boundaries of class, geography and politics. The question of whether the descendants of slaves should be compensated for the stolen labor of their ancestors — who built not only the economic foundation of this nation but also some of its most prestigious buildings, including the U.S. Capitol — arguably is the most resonant issue in the African American community since the struggle for voting rights in the 1950’s.

WINDS OF CHANGE

Once again, the U.S. government is ignoring the winds of change, even as they steadily gain force. The concept of reparations is not a new one. The U.S. government already has paid reparations to Japanese Americans interned during WW II and to a few Native American tribes. European nations have compensated Holocaust survivors who were used as forced laborers. The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America is working on a lawsuit, as is the Reparations Coordinating Committee, led by Harvard Law professor Charles Ogletree and Randall Robinson, founder of the Washington-based research organization TransAfrica. Robinson also is author of "The Debt," a recent book in which he makes a powerful argument for reparations. These lawsuits will focus on the responsibility of both the federal government and companies that profited from slavery. Every significant Black organization supports payment of reparations.

REFUSING TO TALK

It’s likely that the United States, home to more than 12 million descendants of slaves and ground zero for any discussion of reparations or racism, will not be officially represented in Durban.

Even so, the Bush Administration refuses to talk about it — or even listen to the discussion. This comes as no surprise from a president who seems to pride himself on his lack of intellectual curiosity and empathy. After eight months in office, Bush II’s strongest identifier in the black community remains his enthusiastic implementation of the racially discriminatory death penalty while governor of Texas. The opportunity to hear a diversity of opinions about and approaches to reparations and to participate in what will surely be fascinating discussions at the Durban Conference, which begins Aug. 31, seems lost on the current administration. Instead of taking advantage of a unique opportunity, Bush II reverts to America’s sadly familiar role as international bully and spoil sport, insisting that unless allowed to dictate the rules, he won’t play the game. The administration’s efforts to pressure other nations to support its position, publicly via meetings with Washington-based ambassadors is both coercive and undemocratic.

The outlook is bleak on meetings currently underway in Geneva led by Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and co-chair of the conference, to hammer out a final agenda that the United States will support. The likelihood is that the United States, home to more than 12 million descendants of slaves and ground zero for any discussion of reparations or racism, will not be officially represented in Durban. A foolish decision, since burying America’s head in the sand won’t stop this global wind from gathering force.

By Jill Nelson

Jill Nelson is a journalist and author of books, most recently, "Police Brutality," a collection of essays by people of color. She is a regular contributor to MSNBC.com.

Submitted by alarkam@webtv.net

[WHAT MORE IS TO BE EXPECTED OF A COUNTRY BUILT ON SLAVE LABOR AND WHOSE POWERS-THAT-BE ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE SLAVE MASTERS? T.Y., Editor]

*********

THE DURBAN CONFERENCE: WILL AMERICA BE MISSING IN ACTIONS?


August 17, 2001

As the World Conference against racism, xenophobia, and related intolerance, scheduled to convene August 31, to September 7, in Durban, South Africa, nears, the criticism of it in some quarters grows more and more intense.

Put broadly, the purpose of the conference, approved by a United Nations resolution in 1997, is to examine the causes and contemporary manifestations of racism and intolerance, search out remedies for the wrongs, and develop strategies "to achieve full and effective equality" by eliminating racism around the globe.

Yes, that's a utopian notion-as was the expressed ideals for the founding of the United Nations itself a half-century ago. But what has brought the criticism has been the item on the conference agenda that allows for discussion of reparations for past racial wrongdoing in the United States and other countries.

Worried that America's hand will be forced by the court of international opinion and possibly even by international courts, some have urged the Bush Administration to boycott the conference altogether, or send a low-level delegation in order to indicate it doesn't consider the conference significant. But the Administration should not make such a serious mistake.

It, and the critics of the Durban Conference, need to pay attention to the winds of history. These are issues that must be faced. The time for that reckoning has come, and the United States must be involved in helping insure that those questions are framed and discussed in the right way.

Given the two most dramatic examples of racial liberation in our lifetime-in South Africa, and here in the United States-how can anyone think taking the "ostrich position" toward the Durban Conference is going to do any good?

At America's birth, its white majority declared that America could exist "half-slave and half-free." That perverse contradiction led to the Civil War. Later, via the Supreme Court's infamous Plessy decision of 1896, the white majority stripped black Americans of their "inalienable" rights in order to reserve all the opportunity of America for themselves.

That diabolical regime lasted for seventy years-the formative years of modern America-until, after great struggle, African Americans forced their claim to citizenship back on the national agenda. But even as late as the spring of 1963 some white politicians and commentators were braying that legal segregation would last "forever." Such hubris was even more evident for a longer time in South Africa, where as late as 1976-when Nelson Mandela was 15 years into a life sentence on Robyn Island-the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa seemed completely defeated and sage commentators the world over were declaring that apartheid there would last until 2050.

But, have we forgotten that even in those moments the winds of change were already swirling over those places?

In Birmingham in May of 1963, when city officials unleashed the police dogs and fire hoses on the nonviolent marchers, the world soon realized that show of brutal force was actually one of the Civil Rights Era's most dramatic signs that legal segregation was crumbling.

In South Africa in 1976, when the authorities brutally suppressed the first Soweto uprising, which had come seemingly out of nowhere, many thought that had finished the liberation movement. Later, the world would realize that it had finished apartheid itself.

One point of considering this recent history is recognizing that just because some declare business can continue as usual does not mean it will. In the United States of the 1960s and the South Africa of the 1970s forces beyond human control had brought the issues to the point of reckoning. So it is with the issues of the Durban Conference.

Consider reparations: Up to even three years ago, it was dismissed out-of-hand by mainstream media commentators. Now it is not. Now those opposed to reparations have to devote more and more "ink" to it. My point isn't to debate the issue here, although I believe the argument for reparations is morally and legally compelling. My point is that it's undeniable the issue has been "put" on the national and international agenda. We have to begin to discuss it and other issues of racism and intolerance around the globe, be it in Rwanda or the Balkans.

America's sticking its head in the sand isn't going to make the issues disappear. Nor will a petulant show of contempt. Ask the old-time segregationists of the American South and South Africa.

The wisest course is for the United States to be present and accounted for in Durban-with a delegation led by Secretary of State Colin Powell. Then, they could forthrightly challenge the proponents of views that are wrong-such as the one equating Zionism with racism. Surely, the U.S. is self-confident enough and wily enough from its years of negotiating tense international conflicts to navigate the ideological debates in Durban.

More positively, though still a work in progress on race relations, America has much to teach other nations-and much to learn from them. America must stand and be counted with the world leaders around the globe who declare by their presence that racism and xenophobia are wrong.

By Hugh B. Price

TBWT Contributor

Submitted by Minister Malik Al-Arkam

http://www.afre-ngo.org

[The LawKeepers, Co. wrote to Former President Clinton for six years, and he never once addressed any of the Black issues that keep us second-class citizens. Now, maybe the Blacks in Harlem are in a position to be more successful. But I’m of the conviction that one can’t get compassion from a Turnip or from a White person who could care less about the plight of Blacks in America. T.Y., Editor]

*********

THE REPARATIONS EDUCATION AND MOBILIZATION CONFERENCE

IS HOLDING PLANNING MEETINGS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 2-4, CONFERENCE

PLEASE, BROTHERS AND SISTERS, LEND YOUR EXPERTISE TO PLANNING AND ORGANIZING FOR REPARATIONS NOW IN OUR LIFETIME:

 

PLACE:

The Brecht Forum

122 W. 27th Street, 10th Floor

New York City

TIME: 6:30 P.M.

CONTACT: ebontek@earthlink.net

We are making great progress in our plans to have a large turnout for our Nov 2-4 conference at City College. However, if you add your energies, we will have even more of a guarantee for a big successful launching of the necessary education and mobilization efforts to make Black Reparations a concrete reality.

Remember: In the next few weeks, we will be updating our website:

<http://www.murchisoncenter.org/reparations>.

In addition, if you have important information and Reparations announcements, you can post at our site. We also will need the updated Call and Conference Agenda translated into Portuguese, French and Spanish for the site. So, if you know any of the respective languages, please contact us at this email address: (ebontek@earthlink.net).

In Struggle,

Sam E. Anderson

The Reparations Mobilization Coalition

 

*********

*****MARK YOUR CALENDAR OF EVENTS*****

SUNDAY REPARATIONS MEETINGS

Muhammad Mosque of Islam in Boston, Massachusetts invites you to attend weekly meetings each Sunday at the Dillaway located at:

183 Roxbury Street

Roxbury, Massachusetts

(Next to the Timilty School, in Roxbury)

Meetings start at 2:00 PM, but on the last Sunday of the month we start at 1:00 PM.

For more information and to schedule free lectures on Reparations at your church, school, business or organization, feel welcome to telephone Minister Malik Al-Arkam at (617) 770-2017.

*********

STARTING August 21, 2001 (Tuesday) FOR FIVE (5) DAYS

REPARATIONS YES - MOVEMENT

Announces Historical Nation-Wide Petition Campaign

The Five-day Kickoff Petition Drive will take place at:

T&T Soul Food Restaurant

1505 Eastern Avenue

Capitol Heights, Maryland, from 6 a.m. till 6 pm beginning August 21st.

CONTACT:

Ms. Clara Peoples

503-287-7532

Ms. Lisa Clay

503-284-6152

Dr. Saharra L. Bledsoe

202 783-3705

E-mail: MzWayMaker@aol.com

or call 503-287-7532 or 202 783 3705

***

The Reparations - Yes International Petition

Drive Web Site is Up and Running!

Please go to www.unity4theworld.com and sign the petition Today!

Also the offline petition drive located at T & T soul food Carry Out 1505 Eastern Avenue, Capitol Heights, Maryland will be going on Today,

August 24, until 3 a.m.... (or I’ll see you Saturday)

So, come on out sign the petition and get some Great Soul Food!

Remember we are trying to secure 50 Thousand signatures from each state and foreign country, every signature counts, including yours!

*********

FREE THE MIND... FREE THE PEOPLE... FREE THE LAND

THE NATIONAL COALITION OF BLACKS FOR

 

REPARATIONS IN AMERICA (N’COBRA)

*********

August 31, 2001 - September 7, 2001

THE LEGACY OF THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

AND

THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM

The December 12th Movement, based in New York, and The National Black United Front (NBUF) are co-sponsoring a Black Power conference in support of the United Nations World Conference Against Racism.

The United Nations World Conference Against Racism will be held in Durbin, South Africa from August 31, 2001 - September 7, 2001.

By Dr. Conrad W. Worrill

***


YOU MUST BE IN SOUTH AFRICA NEXT AUGUST 2001!

 

To All Concerned African People:

 

The United Nations' World Conference against Racism begins August 31, 2001 in Durban, South Africa. The December 12th Movement International Secretariat is seeking you to be a part of the Delegation of 400 African people to South Africa in support of two crucial issues:

 

1) Declaration of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade as a Crime against Humanity

2) Reparations for Africans in the Diaspora and on the Continent.
   

Malcolm X said that we must put our situation on the international agenda, in the international arena. We must be there in a massive presence to defend our human rights.


Join us, if you want to go to Durban in support of these issues. The application is included in the text of this message, as well as an attached document in .rtf format.


Costs:
We estimate that the total cost for the trip (the Conference is from August 31, to September 7), i.e., travel, lodging and meals, will be approximately $2500.  If you are planning to go we need a deposit of $250.00 immediately.

We, along with the National Black United Front, are working with a Black Travel Agency based in Chicago which has already made airline travel arrangements to and reserved blocks of hotel rooms in Durban. Your check or money order should be made out to AARCO TRAVEL AND TOURS and should be sent to the:

December 12th Movement

456 Nostrand Avenue

Brooklyn, NY 11216

For more information on the World Conference against Racism and the struggle to defend the human rights of African people, contact us at:


Telephone #718-398-1766
Fax #623-1855
E-mail: D12M


IF YOU WISH TO GO TO SOUTH AFRICA, PLEASE FILL OUT THE FORM BELOW.

APPLICATION FORM FOR THE DURBAN 400

NAME:

ADDRESS

PHONE :

FAX:

E-MAIL:

ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION (if any):


YES: I want to be a member of the Durban 400.  Enclosed is my check in the
amount of $_______________.


_____________________________________________________________
NAME

*********

August 31, 2001

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF ACTION AGAINST RACISM (IDAAR)

IS AUGUST 31, 2001

The New Panther Vanguard Movement (NPVM) is taking the initiative locally to propose a local activity to be organized in conjunction with, and supportive of, this Call For an International Day of Action Against Racism. There is not much time to organize such an activity, so we are calling for the immediate formation of a local IDAAR Organizing Committee to plan, coordinate and mobilize, a local protest for August 31, 2001

For more information call Kwaku at (323) 296-4383 or (323) 290 6146 or email Kwaku@globalpanther.com

Remember to share the UN WCAR Petition http://www.unwcarpetition.homestead.com

Where there's activism up here,

Tammy Lee

Black Web Guide

http://www.newmediacoop.com

Also CONTACT:

tammylee@successnet.net (Tammy Lee)

tammyleecoop@hotmail.com (tleecoop)

 

*********

October 19/20, 2001

PHILOSOPHY BORN OF STRUGGLE CONFERENCE ON

RACE, REPARATIONS, AND RESTITUTION

Place: Brown University

CONTACT:

J. Everet Green

HUMANITAS 3000

37 Old Oregon Road

Cortlandt Manor

New York, New York 10567

*********

 

October 19, 20, 21, 2001

THE AFRIKAN DIASPORA NATION STATE CONFERENCE

We need to practice Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility) and send in early Registration Fees and Donations to pay for this Kujichagulia (Self Determined) conference, through Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics). Pan Afrikan Black Nationalist have for scores of decades developed Kummba and held on to Imani. Now the time has come to practice what we have organized around. Umoja and Self Determination "By any means necessary." Or Are you spewing rhetoric without substance?

"Idle words....make for idle minds... creating idle bodies..... Power to the people.....

Hotels / Motels:

Best Western

1800 Palm Beach Lakes Blvd.

West Palm Beach, Fl. 33401

(561) 683-8810

Group rate 15 rms. - $ 52. + tax

 

DAYS INN

2300 45th. Street

West Palm Beach. Fl.33407

(561) 689-0450 (Kate Riley)

Group rate 10 rms. - $49. + tax (single or double)

 

Crown Plaza

1601 Belvedere Rd.

West Palm Beach, Fl. 33406

(561)689-6400

No Group rate available at this time * $99. Single $119. suites + tax

 

All rooms are within five (5) miles of conference site. Transportation will be provided by schedule to and from Hotel / Motel stops. The conference space will be centrally located to all motels. Some motels will set aside at least ten (10) rooms for our conference and will provide group rates as we meet the group room minimum. You must make your own motel reservations. Ask for shuttle service from the airport, bus, or train stations. Please REGISTER EARLY for the conference. Your Registration Fee will all go toward conference expenses. Don’t forget to let advise us of where you intend to stay.

Registrations Form (copy and return via E-mail):

 

AFRICAN NATION DIASPORA STATE CONFERENCE

AFRIKAN NATION STATE PRE-REGISTRATION FORM

Name____________________________ Phone #______ _____________________

 

Address __________________________ Country___________________________

 

City______________________________ State____ District./Region_____________

 

Organization Affiliations________________________________________________

 

I (We) will staying at: __________________________________________________

 

$40 Registration Fee Enclosed __ Yes __ No

 

Donation Included $_______

Please make Checks and Money Orders Payable to: Robert Hazard. Send all mail to the following address * Mawusi c/o Robert Hazard * P.O. Box 2186 * West Palm Beach, Fl. 33402. For information and assistance call Robert Mawusi Hazard at (561) 881-8298. Round trip transportation from the motels to the conference will be scheduled.

CONTACT: RHazard988

*********

November 2 - 4, 2001

 

THE REPARATIONS EDUCATION AND MOBILIZATION CONFERENCE

 

MORE DETAILS ARE FORTHCOMING.

In the Struggle,

Sam E. Anderson

The Reparations Mobilization Coalition

CONTACT: ebontek@earthlink.net

*********

November 28 – December 2, 2001

THE "STATE OF THE BLACK WORLD" CONFERENCE

Convenes in Atlanta November 28 – December 2, 2001 at the Georgia International Convention Center.

"A set of goals and objectives have been outlined," he said. "We hope to identify, analyze and discuss the critical crises and issues facing Black people. We also hope to provide some sort of leadership and skill development training to enhance our collective capacity to engage the struggle for liberation."

"Our agenda also includes discussion of meaningful definitions of liberation and reconstruction, intensifying the global movement for reparations and working towards the convening of an International Black Arts and Cultural Festival,"

For more information, call 1-866-ATL-SOBW or visit www.TBWT.com

*********

BOOK LISTINGS

The book listing on Reparations and Black History can be found in REPNOW Newsletters 1 - 5.

***

KHALIFAH'S BOOKSELLERS & ASSOCIATES

Producers & Disseminators of the Literature that is Finally Freeing Afrikan People:

"Those at Home and those abroad!"

www.KBAbooks.com

*********

RUNAWAY SLAVES

Book Review

Runaway Slaves addresses the still widely held belief that, in the slave system of the United States of America, "slaves were generally content, that racial violence on the plantation was an aberration, and that the few who ran away struck out for the Promised Land in the North or Canada" (p. xv). Throughout Runaway Slaves, John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger stress that the majority of slaves in the United States fought the system and their white oppressors. Moreover, they lived under constant threats of physical and mental violence and were conditioned to respond in kind. Furthermore, slaves ran away in great numbers, and when they ran they did not necessarily go North. In fact, they more often ran to places where they had relatives or loved ones.

The book is well-organized, with chapters describing everyday acts of rebellion, reasons for running, how they tried to keep their families together, their reasons for becoming violent, how they planned escapes, and where and how they hid.

Moreover, the book details how the slaveholders hunted fugitives, what happened to the slaves once they were taken back into bondage, and how the slaveholders attempted to manage their human property. The authors attach seven appendices, including advertisements, petitions, tables of locations and destinations of runaways, and examples of correspondence. Almost one hundred pages of notes detail the sources.

Franklin and Schweninger undertake a detailed analysis of hundreds of newspaper articles, advertisements, and court documents in order to establish many of the "facts" of life in slavery, as well as a foundation for the tenor of relations between blacks and whites. Their analysis of these documents addresses a gap in contemporary scholarship on slavery, which has focused on slave narratives, diaries of slave planters, and plantation records. In fact, the authors assert that newspapers and court documents have their own "unique strengths" as primary source materials. For instance, masters advertising for the return of their runaways "had little reason to misinform their readers and every reason to be as precise as possible" (p. 295). They gave graphic physical descriptions of the runaways and their known connections around the country. Moreover, court petitioners suing for release from slavery "realized that it behooved them to be as forthright and candid as possible" (p. 295). These petitioners often had nothing to hide, because all the community knew their circumstances; furthermore, presenting the facts in graphic detail could possibly sway the verdict their way. Therefore, contemporary white notions of slaves and black resistance to slavery are well-represented in these documents.

The bits and pieces of stories that the authors put together from the fragments of newspaper clippings and runaway notices are remarkable. This technique, however, can be a bit confusing when several different notices or runaways are mentioned in the same paragraph. Moreover, the reader may become intrigued by the ways a particular slave rebelled and wish to know more about that particular individual. The downfall of writing from advertisements is that, in most cases, one never does know what happened to the person in question. This narrative angst, of course, only replicates to a small degree the terrible anxiety that the friends and family of the slave must have felt. For as Franklin and Schweninger make clear, slave families often did not know where their loved ones had fled. They also understood very well the penalties inflicted upon captured runaways. For example, slave owners often contracted professional slave catchers with dogs to chase their runaways. One plantation owner admitted to using such methods: the catcher's dogs treed the man and pulled him out of the tree. The owner then had the dogs bite "him badly, think[ing] he will stay home a while" (p. 161).

In addition to detailing the reasons and the methods of those who ran, the authors "seek to analyze the motives and responses of the slaveholding class and other whites" (p. xv). To this end, they have detailed the owners' announcements about runaways, their rewards for apprehending the slaves, and their discussions of the tribulations that pursuing the runaways caused. The results of this analysis are telling. Masters were often incensed that trusted slaves ran away without "any unjust or injurious treatment" and they would pursue those slaves until the time and expense became overwhelming (p. 169).

Franklin and Schweninger have done a thorough job reading runaway advertisements and court cases "against the grain" to determine the possible reasons why the slaves ran away and committed other crimes. For instance, they claim that "fear, anxiety, retaliation, frustration, anger, and hatred propelled slaves toward violence" (p. 79). When slaves ran, they often took more of their owner's property than just themselves. The owners described every item stolen. One runaway called Jerry took with him "a 'considerable quantity' of clothes, 'an aged sorrel horse,' a pistol, and eighty dollars in cash" (p. 145). A slave named Sam left wearing "a green frock coat with a black velvet collar, blue pants, a high-crown black hat; he carried with him a black leather trunk containing a variety of other clothing, including a reddish frock coat with a velvet collar, a green cloth coat and a white hat" (p. 80). What this detailing makes clear is the slaves' understanding that anything preventing them from acquiring material and intellectual resources was the basis of their continued enslavement. When they absconded, they took some of the materials that could help make them free.

Runaway Slaves does well in discounting the popular myth that slaves were docile and cowered in the face of white oppression. In fact, as Franklin and Schweninger show, a great deal of violence was inflicted upon slaves, and the slaves reacted in kind. The authors establish that "most of the violence was spontaneous, and most of it was directed against whites-owners, members of the owner's family, overseers" (p. 77). In nearly every Southern state, slaves were indicted for killing their owners or members of their owner's family. For this reason in particular, Runaway Slaves is a valuable resource for undergraduate courses dealing with slavery, as undergraduates often come to this subject with "romantic, Gone with the Wind" notions of the peculiar institution. Moreover, the authors cite all the primary sources they use, making this book a valuable resource for those interested in archival research on slave narratives, slave codes, and African American history.

Samantha Manchester Earley

Department of English

Indiana University Southeast

searley@ius.edu

http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v4/v4i3a11.htm

African Studies Quarterly

Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. John Hope Franklin

and Loren Schweninger. New York: Oxford University Press,

1999. Pp. 455. Cloth: $35.00.

Submitted by brc-news@lists.tao.ca

*********

A FILM CALLED INJUSTICE

August 7, 2001

'Every time we try to show this film, solicitors for the police try to stop us. And every time, I age about five

years.'

Filmmaker Tariq Mehmood is 'bloody fuming'. Having spent six years co-producing and co-directing Injustice - a documentary about deaths in police custody - he now watches as it gets chased out of cinemas across the UK. The film was a roaring success at the Human Rights Watch International Film Festival in April 2001, showing to packed audiences at the Ritzy cinema in Brixton, London - but screening it since then has been 'next to impossible', says Mehmood: 'I never thought it would be so hard to get a film shown in a cinema.'

Injustice documents deaths in UK police custody over a six-year period, highlighting some pretty gruesome stories: like Shiji Lapite, who died from 'asphyxia from compression of the neck' after being stopped by police in December 1994; Brian Douglas, who died in May 1995 after being hit across the head by a new American-style baton; Ibrahima Sey, who died in March 1996 after being sprayed repeatedly with CS gas; and Joy Gardner, who died in 1993 after police used tape to restrain her.

What some police object to is that the film names serving officers, who it suggests were involved in the incidents that led to deaths. Solicitors representing the officers have threatened legal action if the film is shown. 'They haven't even seen the film', says Mehmood. 'They're just going on press reports and reviews, and saying, oh you're naming officers, you can't do that. Yes, we do name officers - and in fact we show some of them too. But we're not ashamed of it and we stand by it 100 percent. Our message is clear: stop bullying us, get off our backs, and let people watch the film.'

There isn't much chance of that. On Friday 6 July 2001, the filmmakers organised a big screening at the Metro cinema in London's Leicester Square, due to be attended by families and friends of some of the victims featured in the film, and by an 'assortment of ambassadors and foreign embassy officials'. But the Metro pulled the plug at the last minute.

'About 18 minutes before the screening was due to start', says Mehmood, 'solicitors representing the police officers threatened the manager of the cinema with legal action. Eighteen minutes! The cinema didn't have time to seek legal advice or even to think about it, so they just pulled the film. And remember, all the families and friends are there and they're desperate to see this film, to see their own stories, and suddenly it's canceled. People were crying and shouting and protesting in the cinema foyer - it was very tense.'

Next, the filmmakers tried Conway Hall run by the Ethical Society in Holborn, London - 'believing them to be very strong supporters of freedom of speech'. But support for free speech was in short supply on Wednesday 11 July, when, once again, the screening was disrupted at the last minute.

'The same thing happened', says Mehmood: 'About 15 minutes before the film was due to start, Conway Hall management started getting faxes from the solicitors representing the officers. The management came into the hall where the film was being shown and opened the windows, opened all the skylights, switched on the lights, to try and stop people from being able to see the screen. They tried to close the projector down and for a bit it ran on sound only. It was outrageous.'

But after their experience at the Metro cinema a week earlier, the audience had had enough. 'Some of the audience went ballistic', says Mehmood. 'They took over the electricity room so that the power couldn't be shut down, somebody called the police, and that's when the audience barricaded themselves into the hall so they could continue watching the film.'

Mehmood was 'really shocked' by Conway Hall's response, but he doesn't hold them 'ultimately responsible': 'They just succumbed to pressure. The big conflict is not with them, but with the Police Federation [which is supporting the individual officers].'

Then, on 24 July 2001, the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) asked for a private viewing. Mehmood agreed, because 'we have no objections to anybody watching our film - we just wish more people could see it'. And even the MPA - not known for being a defender of free speech - criticised the Police Federation for its tactics. 'The Police Federation have got to grow up', said Lord Toby Harris, head of the MPA. 'There are serious issues at stake; we want to see what is on the film and to see whether there are issues that need to be examined further.' (1) It is coming to something when New Labour Lord Toby Harris - who has suggested banning far-right groups like the Nati